Artificial Intelligence in the preparation of scientific documents

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Created: Monday, 09 September 2024 13:23

Written by W.C. Joughin

This is my final President’s Corner article and, I must admit, I feel a sense of relief that it is coming to an end. Initially, the prospect of writing eleven articles, one each month, was quite daunting. While I have extensive experience writing technical consulting reports, and research articles and case studies for conferences and journals—all of which have a clear focus, I have not written many general articles. I therefore decided to experiment with Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools to see if it could help me to produce these articles.

ChatGPT burst onto the scene in November 2022, introducing the concept of a Large Language Model (LLM) to the world. Until then, chatbots with AI were quite disappointing, but ChatGPT could answer questions sensibly and generate well-constructed sentences and paragraphs very rapidly. Being freely available and easy to use, it became widely used within a short time. LLMs are computational models capable of generating natural language. They are trained using machine-learning techniques on vast quantities of text data sourced from the internet and books. This makes them extremely powerful tools, capable of producing text in multiple languages and even generating code for computer programming. However, they simply return this information in a probabilistic manner, producing plausible outputs, without verifying the facts.

OpenAI, the developer of ChatGPT, released an upgrade called GPT-4 in March 2023. Microsoft has partnered with OpenAI and incorporated GPT-4 in Copilot, which is a specialized assistant that works with Microsoft products, but can also be used for other purposes. Generative AI is also now included in Bing and Google search engines.

I first played with ChatGPT shortly after it was released, simply generating text and poetry in English and Afrikaans for amusement. I started experimenting with GPT-4 to assist with writing the President’s Corner articles. It is very easy to generate paragraphs with simple instructions. These can then be modified with further instructions until you get something useful. You can choose between precise, creative, or balanced styles. As a test, I attempted to have GPT-4 write an entire article for me. It produced a comprehensive well written article; however, I found it challenging to get it to convey the specific message I wanted to communicate. Additionally, it generated a substantial amount of information that was unfamiliar to me and difficult to verify.

The next step was to utilize the generative AI capability in Google. I found this to be extremely useful as it generates a summary of the information along with links to additional resources, allowing you to verify the information and identify the source. The source data can include news articles, research papers, or presentations, provided they are available on the internet. This significantly accelerates the literature research process.

GPT-4 can also summarize articles very neatly and efficiently; however, I found that it did not always extract the most relevant information for my purposes and invariably required some editing. It is important to note that articles uploaded to GPT-4 for summarization are added to its database, making them accessible to everyone. This is acceptable if the article is already in the public domain and available on the internet: if it is not, there is a risk of disseminating confidential information. While there are methods to protect data while still using the GPT-4 engine, these protections are not available when using the freely accessible version.

I have also found GPT-4 to be very useful for enhancing style and grammar. Typically, I jot down a few sentences quickly without focusing too much on flow or repetition, and then ask GPT-4 to rewrite the paragraph. The results are generally improved, but may still require further manual editing to ensure the correct message is conveyed. There are other tools, such as Wordtune, Paperpal, and Grammarly, that can be used for the same purpose.

The integration of AI into the realm of scientific writing has revolutionized the way researchers draft, edit, and finalize their manuscripts. A Nature survey (https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02988-6) of 1600 researchers from around the world found that AI is being used to process data, write code, and assist with the writing of papers. It is particularly helpful for researchers whose first language is not English, but need to publish their work in English journals. Scientists are using AI to improve style and grammar and to summarize other articles.

However, there is a risk that research integrity can be compromised and fake papers can be produced. This has significant implications for the peer review process and has been an important topic of discussion for the SAIMM Publications Committee. The Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf) have drafted guidelines for the use of AI tools and resources in research communication, taking into consideration the views of several international scientific societies and journal publishers’ websites. https://www.assaf.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/ASSAf-and-SciELO-DRAFT-Guidelines-for-the-Useof- Artificial-Intelligence-AI-Tools-and-Resources-in-Research-Communication_-4-Sept-2024.pdf

The guideline states that ‘Authors are solely responsible for ensuring the authenticity, validity, and integrity of the content in their manuscripts.’ It is essential for authors to prevent misinformation that is generated by AI tools from being included in papers, because this may impact the quality of future research and global knowledge. Any information generated by AI must be correctly cited and citations generated by AI must be checked. Where content is generated by AI and the source cannot be determined, the guideline provides recommendations on how to reference the AI tool and method of generation. Transparency is important and the use of AI tools should be disclosed; however, it is not necessary to disclose the use of tools to improve grammar and style. The guideline also provides recommendations for editors and reviewers. In addition to their usual responsibility for validation of scientific content, editors and reviewers must consider the effects of AIgenerated content in a publication. AI tools for editing, reviewing, and plagiarism checking must be used in a responsible manner. Reviewers and editors are still required to make decisions regarding the evaluation of manuscripts.

In closing, AI tools have the potential to significantly enhance the efficiency and quality of scientific writing. However, their use must be guided by ethical considerations to ensure the integrity and reliability of scientific research. By understanding and responsibly applying these tools, researchers can leverage AI to advance their work while upholding the standards of academic writing.

W.C. Joughin
President, SAIMM

Relaunch of the Namibian Branch and Rare Earths Conference

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Created: Thursday, 08 August 2024 07:05

Written by W.C. Joughin

The Namibian Branch of the SAIMM was relaunched on 18 June 2024 in Swakopmund, Namibia. Like several other branches, it had become inactive during COVID. Originally established in 2007, the Branch had been quite active before the pandemic, hosting several local events. A few Namibian-based members collaborated to plan the relaunch to coincide with the Rare Earths Conference scheduled for 18–20 June. I had the privilege of attending the relaunch and Conference to address delegates on behalf of the SAIMM.

The relaunch was attended by 27 delegates and the meeting was opened by Kesia Kariko, a Senior Metallurgist with Andrada Mining at Uis mine. The SAIMM Presidential Address was delivered, followed by the election of the Branch Committee. Tomas Aipanda, a mining engineer and current Mining Shift Superintendent at Swakop Uranium, was elected as Chair, while Himeezembi Hengari, a Mining Lecturer from the Namibian University of Science and Technology (NUST), was elected as Vice Chair. Kesia Kariko was elected Secretary. Tomas Aipanda then presented his plans for the Branch, followed by a keynote presentation by Irvinne Simataa, the Executive Vice President of Swakop Uranium. He highlighted the exciting prospects for mining in Namibia, emphasizing the abundance of critical mineral deposits and the quality of education in the country. The presentation also explored how the Namibian minerals industry could collaborate with the SAIMM.

The day before the Conference and preceding the relaunch, a very interesting workshop on rare earths was presented by Damian Connelly of METS. I took advantage of the opportunity to learn a little bit about rare earths.

Rare earth elements (REEs) have unique and useful properties. They have applications in magnetics, batteries, polishing powders, glass and ceramics, fluid cracking catalysts, autocatalysts, phosphors, and fibre optics. Demand is driven by computers, mobile phones, monitors, TVs, medical equipment, mirrors, cameras, hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, fuel cells, maglev trains, wind turbines, fluorescent lights, petroleum production, and low-emission vehicle exhausts. It is difficult to imagine how the modern world would function without REEs. Decarbonization will further increase the demand for these critical elements.

The REEs comprise scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), and the lanthanide series: lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (D), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and lutetium (Lu). Rare earths occur as oxides, carbonates, phosphates, and silicides in more than 160 minerals, but they are primarily sourced from monazite, bastnasite, and xenotime. These minerals invariably contain significant quantities of uranium (U) and thorium (Th), which are radioactive. The concentration of individual REEs depends on the minerals and nature of the geological deposits in which they are found. The value of the mineral resource depends on the quantities and values of individual REEs. Heavy or yttric REEs (Y and Tb to Lu) are less common and significantly more valuable. The term rare earths is perhaps a misnomer, since the combined REEs are more abundant than carbon in the Earth’s crust, but they rarely occur in mineable concentrations and there are no naturally occurring elemental forms.

In addition to the challenges in finding suitable deposits, the processing of rare earths is difficult, particularly for heavy REEs.Also, there is an increased risk of radiation exposure during processing and the disposal of radioactive waste (waste water and residue) must be carefully managed. Environmental management plans (EMPs) must address surface and groundwater impacts, and prevention of harm to fauna and flora. Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) aspects are therefore a key component of any REE project.

Currently, China dominates the rare earths market, accounting for approximately 60% of mine production and close to 90% of processing and refining, and perhaps 99.9% of heavy REEs. As recently as 2005, China’s share of global production was 98%, but production in other countries has steadily increased to meet the growing demand, although processing outside of China has clearly not increased to the same extent. China announced a ban on the export of rare earth extraction and separation technologies in December 2023, and introduced further restrictions aimed at protecting supplies in June this year. This highlights the necessity to mine and process REEs outside of China.

Significant REE mineral deposits have been discovered in Southern Africa and there is potential for further exploration. The challenges in unlocking these resources lie in the successful extraction and separation of all REEs and the responsible management of waste disposal.

The Second International Conference on Rare Earths brought together experts to discuss the latest advancements in the exploration, extraction, and processing of REEs. The theme ‘Global Impact and Sustainable Supply’ was particularly apt. Overall, the Conference highlighted the global significance of REEs and the ongoing efforts to optimize exploration, extraction, and processing. The discussions underscored the importance of sustainable practices and innovative technologies in meeting the growing demand for REEs in high-tech and green energy applications. The event served as a pivotal platform for knowledge exchange, collaboration, and fostering advances in the REE industry. Congratulations to the Organizing Committee and the Secretariat for putting together a most successful conference.

W.C. Joughin
President, SAIMM

SAIMM and SANIRE

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Created: Wednesday, 10 July 2024 09:38

Written by W.C. Joughin

In April 2024, SAIMM began providing secretarial services to the South African National Institute of Rock Engineering (SANIRE) https://www.sanire.co.za/, following approval by the council in February 2024. These services encompass membership management through the MYMEMBERSHIP platform, coordination of branch meetings and annual conferences, administrative support, and accounting services. Prudence Ntumelang has been re-employed by SAIMM as the SANIRE administrator. This arrangement aims to strengthen the collaboration between SAIMM and SANIRE.

SANIRE operates under a constitution that govern their operations, decision-making processes, and codes of ethics, like the SAIMM. It was established in 1969 as the South African National Group of Rock Mechanics (SANGORM) and became a national group within the newly formed International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM). In 1999, SANGORM was renamed SANIRE, reflecting its objective to evolve into a professional institute.

I am often asked about the difference between rock mechanics and rock engineering. Rock mechanics is a theoretical and applied science of the mechanical behaviour of rocks and rock masses. Rock Engineering is the creative application of rock mechanics, mathematical methods, and empirical evidence to the innovation, design, construction, and maintenance of surface and underground excavations. SANIRE primarily focuses on rock engineering in the mining industry, although it also includes members who work mainly in civil infrastructure. In contrast, the ISRM places a strong emphasis on civil infrastructure, while including mining and energy.

SANIRE is actively involved in the education and qualification of rock engineering practitioners in the South African mining industry. The Minerals Council Rock Mechanics Certificates, previously Chamber of Mines Rock Mechanics Certificates are managed by SANIRE on behalf of the Minerals Council of South Africa (MCSA). These are currently the only rock engineering qualifications currently recognized by the Mine Health and Safety Act of 1996 (MHSA). SANIRE is also actively participating in the MCSA Mine Occupational Health and Safety (MOSH) and Fall of Ground Action Plan (FOGAP) programmes, which I mentioned in my April President’s Corner https://www.saimm.co.za/journal-presidents-corner/1091-quest-for-zero-harm-in-south-african-deep-gold-mines.

The SAIMM and SANIRE have collaborated in the organization of many successful international rock engineering conferences for more than 30 years. Our secretariat carries out all the administrative requirements and co-ordinates the refereeing of papers, while SANIRE provides the technical expertise. Papers on the management of rockfalls and rockbursts have probably featured in the SAIMM journal from the very beginning. However, the term Rock Mechanics was first coined in the 1960s, when the discipline really started in earnest, and the term Rock Engineering was introduced later. Many groundbreaking papers on the subject have been published in our journal, several preceding the formation of the ISRM. More recently recognition has been given through the award of many SAIMM gold and silver medals to papers on rock engineering. Notable multiple medal recipients include Dick Stacey, Nielen van der Merwe, John Napier and Francois Malan. SAIMM books on rock mechanics and rock engineering include: Rock Mechanics in Mining Practice (Sandor Budavari), Handbook on Hard-Rock Strata Control (Sam Spearing), Rock Fracture and Rockbursts-an illustrative study (Dave Ortlepp), Rock Engineering for underground coal mining (Nielen van der Merwe and Bernard Madden), Theoretical Rock Mechanics for Professional Practice (Matthew Handley), Johannesburg and its Holey Mining Heritage (Dick Stacey and Greg Heath). The recent book by Brian Protheroe entitled COMRO’s Legacy: Research and Development of Stoping Mining Machinery and Technologies. https://www.saimm.co.za/publications/saimm-book-sale

The collaboration is further evident because I and four past SAIMM Presidents https://www.saimm. co.za/about-saimm/saimm-past-presidents, (Horst Wagner, Oskar Steffen, Dick Stacey, Nielen van der Merwe) have also served as SANIRE/SANGORM Presidents and ISRM Vice Presidents for Africa. Nielen also served as the President of ISRM from 2003 to 2007, and chaired the 2003 ISRM International Congress in Johannesburg, which was organized by the SAIMM. Past Presidents Pinkie (FG) Hill and Miklos Salamon also made major contributions to the discipline. Several former Brigadier Stokes Memorial Award https://www.saimm.co.za/about-saimm/brigadier-stokes-memorial-award recipients have provided key contributions to rock engineering (Pinkie Hill, Miklos Salamon, Horst Wagner, Dennis Laubscher, and Dick Stacey).

SANIRE held its 2024 symposium https://www.sanire.co.za/ at Silverstar hotel in Muldersdrift from 2024-06-13 to 2024-06-14, which was arranged by our secretariat, and I was glad to attend. The symposium was opened by the current SANIRE President, Kevin Le Bron and the programme included several keynotes: Winning the war on falls of ground, Lerato Tsele, MCSA; Advancing rock engineering skills for a sustainable future in Mining; Thabo Mashongoane, Mining Qualifications Authority South Africa (MQA); Developments in pillar design, Bryan Watson, University of the Witwatersrand. SANIRE also announced the launch of their new education platform. There were several interesting presentations on many topics covering open pit and underground mining, developments in support practice, case studies and an interesting trial on hydraulic fracturing for preconditioning. I certainly enjoyed the conference and learned a great deal. As always, the geotechnical service and rock support suppliers came to the party, sponsoring and providing an illuminating exhibition.

During the symposium, the SANIRE Treasurer, Sifiso Mashile, informed members of the new agreement and highlighted the contribution by the SAIMM secretariat, since the secretarial service commenced. Unfortunately, recent administrative challenges had prevented the reliable collection of membership fees, creating significant cashflow challenges. This has now been resolved through Prudence’s timely intervention.

The process of organizing the next international conference on rock engineering in South Africa has commenced, so keep your eye out for announcements, starting with a call for papers. I believe that the new arrangement to provide secretarial services to SANIRE can only improve the collaboration going forward, and importantly, enabling SANIRE to maintains its identity as a leading national group of rock engineering.

W.C. Joughin
President, SAIMM

The SAIMM Tailings Working Group leads the way

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Created: Monday, 10 June 2024 08:29

Written by W.C. Joughin

I thought that I would use this month’s President’s Corner to tell you about the Tailings Working Group (https://www.saimm.co.za/about-saimm/saimm-committees/tailings-working-group), which was established in March 2020 to address critical issues in tailings storage facilities (TSF) management and design. This initiative, in collaboration with the South African Institute of Civil Engineers (SAICE), aims to meet the specific requirements of the Southern African mining industry. The Working Group comprises experts from academia, industry, consulting, and regulatory bodies.

An increased international focus on the responsible management of TSF was triggered by the catastrophic dam failure at Vale’s Corrego de Feijao mine in 2019 in Brumadinho, Brazil, which resulted in the loss of almost 300 lives, in addition to major environmental and social consequences. This incident followed several other highly publicised tailings dam failures, which also had major environmental and social impacts.

As a result, the International Council on Minerals and Metals (ICMM) commissioned a study to develop the Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management (GISTM) (https://globaltailingsreview.org/global-industry-standard).

The standard is directed at operators, who are required to take responsibility and prioritise the safety of tailings facilities, through all phases of a facility’s lifecycle, including closure and post-closure. There are six topics that must be addressed (Figure 1). The GISTM aims for zero harm to people and the environment. It also mandates the disclosure of relevant information for public accountability.

Figure 1-Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management (https://globaltailingsreview.org/global-industry-standard)

SAIMM is coordinating funding for joint work with SAICE to revise SANS 10286, the Mine Residue Code of Practice. The previous version, born out of the Merriespruit tailings dam failure in 1994, was well aligned to international standards, and has served South Africa and multiple jurisdictions in Africa well. Many South African mining companies are now required to comply with the GISTM, even if they are not ICCM members, because many investors and insurance companies require compliance. The updated SANS 10286 will align with the GISTM and will incorporate specific South African requirements and practices.

Most South African tailings storage facilities are constructed using the upstream method, which is not suitable for significant water storage and is more vulnerable to seismic loading. This method of construction is not allowed in certain countries. The risks are mitigated by managing the rate of rise, good drainage characteristics of materials, good drainage design, storm water design, geotechnical investigations, slope design, and structured monitoring. When hazardous conditions are encountered, additional data are collected to remove uncertainty or dewatering and buttressing are implemented to improve stability.

The Working Group is linked to Global Action on Tailings (GAT), an initiative led by the Global Mineral Professionals Alliance (GMPA). GAT aims to build awareness and knowledge in good tailings practices and identify ways to eventually reduce or eliminate TSF. A key goal is to support professionals in gaining greater trust from society regarding the industry’s ability to manage tailings risks.
The SAIMM Tailings Working Group has a comprehensive mandate that includes:

• Reporting on TSF activities in Southern Africa to the GMPA;
  Coordinating regional activities and maintaining a watching brief;
  Providing inputs and comments on global and local activities and documents;
  Liaising with academic institutions to develop competency and qualifications;
  Organizing conferences and schools through SAIMM to disseminate new knowledge and standards;
  Offering local technical input to global committees to represent Southern African interests;
  Reporting to other regional working groups on GMPA initiatives;
  Developing a high-level, principle-based global framework for local codes, standards, and guidelines.

SAIMM has hosted three successful conferences on Tailings. The inaugural conference raised the profile of tailings management and fostered collaboration among various stakeholders in the tailings industry. The second conference focused on embracing the GISTM, highlighting the progress made in understanding its requirements and implications. The third conference was held in October 2023, which I had the pleasure of attending. It centred on the future of tailings management for the next generation. It explored new standards, expectations, and possibilities, while addressing the residual risks associated with tailings. Key discussions included strategies for reducing, reclaiming, or reusing tailings, as well as improving existing technologies and adopting new ones. The conference also emphasized the importance of addressing impacts that were once considered acceptable but are no longer tolerated, and how best to mitigate these issues moving forward. Through these conferences, SAIMM continues to lead the way in promoting safe, sustainable, and innovative tailings management practices.

The SAIMM Tailings Working Group remains dedicated to advancing the field, ensuring that Southern Africa remains at the forefront of responsible and efficient mining operations. We are always looking for volunteers to participate and contribute.

W.C. Joughin
President, SAIMM

Quest for zero harm in South African deep gold mines

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Created: Sunday, 19 May 2024 15:27

Written by W.C. Joughin

On 5 April, 2024, I had the privilege of attending the Fall-of-Ground Action Plan (FOGAP) Day of Learning — an event that marked a significant milestone in the pursuit of mine safety. Hosted by the Minerals Council - South Africa (MCSA) in partnership with the Association of Mine Managers of South Africa (AMMSA), the South African Colliery Managers’ Association (SACMA), and the South African National Institute of Rock Engineering (SANIRE), the event showcased groundbreaking strategies to combat fall-of-ground incidents, which remains one of the most significant hazards in mining operations.

FOGAP was developed through the collaborative efforts of the MCSA Rock Engineering Technical Committee (RETC) and SANIRE and is aimed at eliminating fall-of-ground fatalities. The focal points of the day’s discussions were on innovative support systems and improved workplace conditions.

I was particularly impressed by the adoption of permanent mesh support in narrow tabular stopes. This innovation involves securing high tensile steel mesh to the hanging wall using an array of supports including rockbolts, timber props, timber packs, and mechanical props (Figure 1). While rockburst resistant supports, such as rapid yielding hydraulic props and engineered timber props, have been employed for many years, they have not entirely mitigated the risk of fatal injuries during rockbursts, as the rock tends to fail between these supports. Integrating the high tensile mesh into the support system could significantly reduce the risk of injuries and fatalities.

Figure 1-High tensile steel mesh installed in stopes (left – courtesy: Sibanye Stillwater; right – courtesy: Harmony)

The challenge of installing mesh in narrow tabular stopes has been a topic of concern since I began my career in the 1990s. Due to the manual labour required, often in hot and humid conditions, and the complexity of the installation process, the task was deemed too difficult. Mesh installation is common in tunnels where stress and rockburst damage is a concern; where the mesh is fastened to the rock using rockbolts and sometimes high tensile steel cable lacing.

The landscape began to change around 2012 when in-stope rockbolting became widely adopted, allowing for support to be placed closer to the stope face and increasing the density of support. Coupled with the development of high tensile mesh, the installation process has become slightly more manageable. However, it’s important to acknowledge that poorly installed mesh can exacerbate safety risks, making the development and trial of installation methods critical. Once proven effective, it is imperative to train all stope teams in these methods. Not surprisingly, convincing labourers of the benefits of this additional effort is no small feat. It requires effective communication and demonstration—rolling out such significant changes is a considerable achievement that could substantially contribute to the goal of zero harm.

Another noteworthy advancement is the introduction of LED lighting, which has drastically improved the illumination of underground stopes. These low-power lighting systems can be installed swiftly at the start of a shift and are removed at the end to avoid damage from blasting and scraper cleaning. The enhanced visibility allows for easier identification and remediation of rockfall hazards, further bolstering workplace safety.

Figure 2 illustrates the annual number of seismic-related fatalities in the industry since 1984, revealing a pronounced decline from 147 fatalities in 1990 to none in 2022, which at first glance indicates a dramatic enhancement in workplace safety. However, a more nuanced view is warranted. A substantial portion of rockburst incidents occur in gold mines, often deeper than 2000 metres. Concurrently, there has been a notable decrease in both gold production and workforce within the gold mining sector (Figures 3 and 4). South Africa’s gold production peaked in 1970 at one million kilograms of gold, the highest recorded by any country in a single year. This figure has since steadily declined to just 100 000 kilograms by the end of 2023. Similarly, the workforce in gold mines has diminished from nearly 400 000 individuals in 1995 to 93 589 by the end of 2023.
The question then arises: Does the decline in fatalities accurately reflect enhanced safety measures, or is it merely a consequence of the contraction of South Africa’s gold mining industry? For a more reliable evaluation of safety performance,

Figure 2-Fatalities caused by seismic events in South African Gold Mines from 1980 to 2023 (from Minerals Council and SAMRASS database)

Figure 3-Gold production in kilograms (https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/south-africa/gold-production)

Figure 4-Yearly employment numbers in South African Gold Mines (Stats SA and DMRE)

it is imperative to control for certain variables. Historically, the MCSA reported fatality rates per 1000 workers, but this metric was later changed to reporting the absolute number of fatalities to emphasize the human cost and foster greater empathy. While the latter approach has its merits, it complicates the task of objectively assessing improvements in safety.

In Figure 5, I have normalized the fatality figures to account for every 100 000 workers and per 100 tons of gold produced. These reference points are chosen for their approximation to current gold production and employment figures. Furthermore, this method aligns with the World Health Organization’s practice of standardising death rates per 100 000 individuals, enabling comparisons with other mortality causes. Although this normalization could benefit from more specific data, it offers a more reliable preliminary analysis of safety advancements. The data indicates a gradual decline in fatality rates from 1990 to 2008, followed by a noticeable shift between 2008 and 2010. Presently, the rate hovers around five fatalities per 100 000 workers, with 2017 and 2020 being particularly challenging years, and 2022 being remarkably safe with no reported fatalities.

Figure 5-Normalized fatality rates

This analysis also reveals that year-on-year comparisons may not yield substantive insights, whereas long-term trends are more telling. The observed improvements are likely the result of various interventions, both technological and managerial. The MCSA, in collaboration with the mining industry, has launched several safety initiatives through the Mine Occupational Safety and Health (MOSH) programmes and, more recently, the FOGAP initiative. The future will determine if these efforts will lead to further advancements in safety.

In light of the reduction of fatality numbers, both due to contraction of the industry and safety improvements, it is necessary to shift focus towards tracking high-potential incidents to monitor safety performance. Large seismic events and major rockburst damage continue to be prevalent in deep-level gold mining operations, posing a persistent challenge in addressing the risk. Rockburst risk management requires a comprehensive strategy that encompasses multiple components. Each of these components makes a small contribution to reducing the risk, but when all are implemented, it results in a significant reduction in risk. These include optimising mining layouts and sequences to reduce the frequency of large seismic events and to redirect them away from active mining areas, modifying the characteristics of the rock (pre-conditioning) to reduce the likelihood of bursting, improving support to reduce the likelihood of damage caused by large seismic events and reducing the exposure of workers to rockburst damage.

Guidelines for optimising mining layouts and sequences have been developed over many years, together with numerical modelling tools to analyse stress changes caused by mining. However, the geological structures (faults and dykes) and rock mass characteristics are complex, and therefore the rock mass response will vary in different parts of the mine and between mines. It is important to gather as much information on the geology as possible and to develop structural models to better anticipate the rock mass response. Seismic monitoring systems are essential tools for measuring the rock mass response and evaluating the implementation of rockburst risk management strategies throughout the mine.

Unfortunately, the technology to predict the location and time of a large seismic event has not been developed, despite significant efforts in this regard. If it were possible to do this reliably, it would enable the removal of workers from the danger area before a significant rockburst. At present seismic monitoring systems can reliably measure changes in seismic behaviour, which may provide an indication of an increase in seismic hazard in an area of the mine. However, seismic monitoring systems have contributed immensely to understanding rock mass behaviour and reducing uncertainty, and continue to play a key role in rockburst risk management.

Through the FOGAP programme, the MCSA has initiated a seismic research project. The first phase of the project is in progress, which entails the review of current rockburst risk management practice, locally and internationally. The objective of this phase is to identify best practices and gaps which need to be addressed. While rockburst risk management practices were first developed in South Africa, international mines are going deeper and do experience high stress and high levels of seismic hazard, so there is an opportunity to learn from different approaches applied elsewhere. The second phase will involve the investigation of alternative methods for short term seismic hazard analysis using machine learning and Bayesian statistical methods applied to seismic monitoring data. Ultimately this will lead towards much improved guidelines on rockburst risk management, and training of rock engineers to implement these guidelines.

It is imperative to strive for zero harm and to implement practicable solutions to reduce the risk. Risk is the product of probability and consequence. Since probabilities are expressed as fractions, a probability of zero equates to one divided by infinity, which is mathematically unattainable. However, safety interventions may make the probability of occurrence so low that the resulting injuries and fatalities within the population of mine workers would be so infrequent as to result in effectively zero harm.

W.C. Joughin
President, SAIMM

SANCOT and SAIMM

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Created: Wednesday, 17 April 2024 13:18

Written by W.C. Joughin

In February, I had the pleasure of participating in two notable events organized by the SAIMM and SANCOT: the Herrenknecht Seminar, which focused on ‘New Developments in Mechanized Tunnelling and Shaft Sinking for the Civil and Mining Industries’ held in Johannesburg, and the SANCOT-ITA Workshop that delved into ‘Technical and Legal Aspects of Underground Construction, Operational and Mine Accident and Fire Risk’ in Cape Town.

Many of you might already know that SANCOT (South African National Council on Tunnelling) has been operating as a special interest group within the SAIMM since 2003. https://www.saimm.co.za/about-saimm/saimm-committees/south-african-national-council-on-tunnelling-sancot

However, SANCOT’s roots extend much further back. Established in 1973, SANCOT became a founding member nation of the International Tunnelling Association and Underground Space Association (ITA) just a year later, in 1974. https://www.saimm.co.za/news/313-sancot-and-the-international-tunnelling-association-ita

Today, the ITA is an international non-governmental, non-profit organization with 79 member nations, incorporating both corporate and individual members. The organization is dedicated to promoting the use of underground spaces for the public good, the environment, and sustainable development. It also supports progress in the planning, design, construction, maintenance, and safety of tunnels and underground spaces. The partnership between SANCOT and the SAIMM is reciprocal, with the SAIMM Secretariat providing valuable administrative services and event management.

The primary focus of SANCOT and ITA lies in the realm of civil underground infrastructure, yet the parallels with tunnels and large excavations in mines are quite evident. The civil engineering sector’s experience with the latest underground technologies is a rich source of knowledge. In particular, the area of mechanized tunnelling and boring has seen remarkable progress within civil engineering applications. Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) have become instrumental in the safe and rapid development of long tunnels for road and rail transport, water and sewage transfer, and many other applications. Historically, TBMs have seen limited use in mining; however, the industry is now considering the adoption of newer, compact, and more versatile TBMs.

A good example is Master Drilling’s recent initiative to develop an exploration decline at Anglo American Platinum’s Mogalakwena mine, employing its Mobile Tunnel Borer (MTB). The MTB is a horizontal cutting machine that incorporates a full-face cutter head with disc cutters, a concept borrowed from traditional TBMs. This innovative machine is designed for functionality in both inclines and declines and is capable of navigating around corners in access tunnels with a diameter of 5.5 m. It has front and tail shields to temporarily support the rock, protecting operators and the specialized equipment. The integrated bolter rig can install a pattern of 1.8 m long resin rebar bolts. Ground conditions are better with less support, due to the circular tunnel profile and absence of blast damage.

https://sanire.co.za/documents/symposium-presentations/symposium-2022/day-1/session-2/882-support-design-for-two-tunnels-at-anglo-platinum-mogalakwena-sandsloot-exploration-28-july-2022/file
https://im-mining.com/2021/08/31/master-drillings-mobile-tunnel-borer-heads-anglos-mogalakwena-mine/

In mining operations, raise boring is a common technique used for excavating vertical shafts and orepasses. However, its application is limited to scenarios where the rock mass is stable and competent throughout the entire length of the excavation because support can only be installed once boring is completed. Addressing this limitation, manufacturers of TBMs have engineered shaft boring machines that have the dual capability of boring while concurrently installing the necessary support. Construction of orepass and ventilation raises could also be carried out with boxhole boring machines (BBRs) to create a pilot hole and boxhole backreaming machines (BBMs) to enlarge to the final diameter. A lining can be installed concurrently during the back reaming process to provide early support in challenging ground conditions.

At the Herrenknecht seminar, the talks covered a range of topics, including selection criteria for TBMs in varying rock mass conditions, innovative technologies for the excavation of vertical shafts, BBR and BBM technology, TBMs for the development of spiral ramps and horizontal infrastructure, pipe laying technology and its potential application in mining, and reef boring trials for narrow tabular orebodies. Reference projects were included where this new technology has been applied. An informative discussion panel on ‘Innovation in Mechanized Excavation’ provided some additional insights.

Mechanized tunnelling machines represent a significant advancement, yet broader adoption will take time. Adaptions will be necessary to tailor these machines for specific mining purposes. They demand a substantial initial investment and skilled personnel for operation and maintenance. However, these costs could be balanced by enhanced safety measures, accelerated development, and earlier access to reef. Mechanized boring of narrow tabular reefs is intriguing, since it will be much safer, and potentially more productive, but it will take even longer to develop the new mining methods that utilize this equipment.

At the SANCOT-ITA workshop, a variety of engaging presentations were delivered, addressing an array of subjects, including the state of technology for mechanized shaft and tunnel development in hard rock, fire safety in underground facilities, lessons learnt from a challenging rescue after a tunnel collapse, transferring essential skills from the tunnelling industry to the mining industry, contract management, and geotechnical aspects.
The next SANCOT Symposium will take place during October 2024, and I look forward to seeing you there.

W.C. Joughin
President, SAIMM

Mines, Wines, and Art at the Mining Indaba

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Created: Wednesday, 13 March 2024 09:40

Written by W.C. Joughin

I recently had the privilege of attending, and representing the SAIMM at, the inaugural Mines, Wines and Art, which was held in the Convent Courtyard at the Goodman Gallery in Green Point, Cape Town on Sunday 4 February 2024. This event, occurring on the eve of the ‘Investing in African Mining Indaba’, aims to establish itself as a highlight of the annual Mining Indaba gatherings. The Goodman Gallery showcased a thought-provoking exhibition featuring mining-themed works by esteemed South African artists David Goldblatt, William Kentridge, and Sam Nhlengethwa. Fine wines from estates with direct ties to mining, such as Vergelegen, Steenberg, Gabrielskloof, Wildekrans, and Boschendal, were served. The event was organized by the SAIMM and sponsored by Webber Wentzel.

The guest list included the king and queen of Lesotho, his Majesty, King Letsie III and her Majesty Queen Masenate Mohato Seeiso, along with Lesotho’s Ministers of Energy (Hon. Professor Nqosa Mahao) and Natural Resources (Hon. Mohlomi Moleko) and the Chairman of the Lesotho Highlands Development Agency (Mr Stephen Phakisi). The Royal Bafokeng Nation was represented by Kgosi Leruo Molotlegi. Also in attendance were the British High Commissioner to South Africa (His Excellency Anthony Phillipson), the CEO of the ICMM (Rohitesh Dhawan), the CEO of the Minerals Council (Mzila Mthenjane), Vice Chancellors of the University of the Free State (Professor Francis Pietersen), University of Cape Town (Professor Daya Reddy), University of Stellenbosch (Professor Wim de Villiers), Chairs and CEOs of Anglo American (Duncan Wanblad and Nolitha Fakude) and Seriti Coal (Mike Teke), among many other dignitaries.

The event, led by Michael Solomon as the master of ceremonies, featured brief but insightful addresses from various speakers, including myself, King Letsie III, Professor Daya Reddy (UCT), Professor Francis Petersen (UFS), and Mzila Mthenjane, all on the theme of a just transition in mining. Christo Els of Webber Wentzel delivered the closing remarks.

Overall, the event was a resounding success, offering guests the opportunity to mingle, explore the gallery, and enjoy a splendid dinner paired with delicious wine.

I extended my stay in Cape Town to participate in and deliver a presentation at another event organized by the SAIMM. This workshop, held on the Friday following the Mining Indaba, focused on tunnelling and was conducted in collaboration with the International Tunnelling Association (ITA) and the South African National Committee on Tunnelling (SANCOT). In an upcoming President’s Corner, I look forward to discussing SANCOT and its role within the SAIMM further.

I did not attend the Mining Indaba in person, as it’s more tailored for investors and my erudite colleagues in the mining, exploration, and ESG fields, rather than a specialist rock engineer like myself. However, I followed the event closely as it serves as a valuable indicator of the mining landscape in Africa.

It is encouraging that the South African President, Cyril Ramaphosa, attends the Mining Indaba and re-affirms the government’s commitment to the mining industry. Given that the industry contributes 7.5% towards the national GDP, accounts for 60% of exports by value, and employs approximately 476 000 people, this commitment is essential. The transformation of black ownership in the industry from 2% in 2004 to the current 39% is truly remarkable. Importantly, the government acknowledges the crippling effects of unstable electricity supply, logistical bottlenecks (mainly port and rail), and illegal mining, cable theft, and other criminal activities on mining in South Africa. However, the implementation of critical interventions by government and business will determine whether meaningful reform takes place, to make South Africa a more attractive investment destination. The implementation of an efficient, transparent, and modern cadastral system for digital management of prospecting and mining rights applications is crucial for the mining industry, and the President announced that a preferred bidder had been selected to implement the system.

Each mining company underscored the critical significance of responsible mining practices, integrating sustainability into their business strategies, and making steadfast commitments to decarbonization. During the discussions, innovative approaches were showcased, such as investing in renewable energies, ensuring a just transition, and recycling. Not only do these approaches contribute to decarbonization efforts, but they also aid in securing energy requirements.

The International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) announced its intention to amalgamate responsible mining standards into a unified, globally recognized framework, collaborating with the World Gold Council, Copper Mark, and the Mining Association of Canada. This initiative will hopefully address the multitude of standards currently being applied and simplify the requirements for mine owners. The consolidated standard is intended to serve as a single reliable source of information, adopted throughout the industry.

As ESG pressures continue to mount, the focus on critical minerals such as copper for electricity distribution, as well as nickel, cobalt, and lithium for applications in solar, wind, and hydropower installations, along with the production of battery energy storage systems and electric vehicles, becomes increasingly vital. These minerals play a pivotal role in facilitating the global energy transition. This will undoubtably continue to create opportunities in Africa and contribute to the development of people and communities.

As a final note, I read with interest the recent announcement that a fleet of BMW iX5 hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) is now driving on South African roads. They are supported by a green hydrogen refuelling centre in Johannesburg, supplied by Sasol. The initiative was a joint venture between BMW, Sasol, and Anglo American. These luxury SUVs have a 125 kW drive train a 500 km range on 6 kg of fuel. Notably, one significant advantage of FCEVs over battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is their rapid five-minute refuelling time. It’s worth mentioning that the BMW iX5 fuel cell is provided by Toyota, a frontrunner in fuel cell development, who have their own Toyota Mirai, which is the best-selling FCEV in the USA. It will probably take some time for the green hydrogen fuel supply to roll out in South Africa and worldwide, and for FCEVs to become an affordable reality. However, the hydrogen economy holds tremendous potential for South Africa and PGM miners. Platinum and iridium are used in generating green hydrogen and potentially in proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers. Most fuel cells utilize platinum as a catalyst, alongside lesser quantities of ruthenium. Both elements contribute distinctive traits of durability, power density, and efficiency to the fuel cells.

W.C. Joughin
President, SAIMM

The SAIMM and ESGS

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Created: Tuesday, 13 February 2024 12:12

Written by W.C. Joughin

I am sure many of you are aware that the SAIMM established the ESGS Committee a little over two years ago. The Committee deals with Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) and Sustainability (S). ESG and Sustainability have become increasingly important for mining companies in recent years.

Climate change and rising global temperatures are affecting biodiversity and leading to droughts, floods, and wildfires around the world. The need to decarbonize is imperative, and has increased the demand for critical minerals required for decarbonization, as well as necessitated the responsible sourcing of these minerals with minimal ESG impacts.

Public perception of the mining industry is extremely unfavourable, to say the least. This is largely due to legacy issues associated with human rights abuses, damaging environmental incidents, and fatal accidents. While mining companies have progressed and improved over many years on all these fronts, more work is required to both meet the expectations of investors, lenders, governments, and the public in general – and, importantly, to update the perceptions of stakeholders. Responsible mining is not only ethically correct, but is now also essential to remain in business.

As far back as the 1990s, the concept of sustainability was institutionalized to address global challenges such as poverty, inequality, climate change, and environmental degradation. The United Nations (UN) has proposed 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030, which have been translated into laws and standards. ESG can be interpreted as how a company responds to sustainability imperatives, and provides evidence to its stakeholders about its commitments, targets, and performance. The term ESG has become popular in recent years and is incorporated into the six UN Principles of Responsible Investment (PRI). These principles include incorporating ESG into investment analysis and decision-making, ownership policies and practices, and transparent reporting of ESG issues. The International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) has defined 10 principles for sustainable development. ESG is broad-reaching, constantly evolving, and as a result, there is no universally accepted definition. The explosion of new standards in recent years makes it challenging for all industries, and there is a need to rationalize and consolidate standards.

Building ESG into all aspects of the business requires innovative ways of thinking. Policies and practice must be holistic, minimizing environmental impact and improving the welfare of all stakeholders. This highlights the importance of the role of professionals in the mining industry in bringing their knowledge, skills, and experience to create new ideas and approaches to addressing ESG impacts and risks. Our goal should be to create a positive impact on the planet and ensure the wellbeing and success of future generations.

The SAIMM ESGS Committee’s mission is to ‘To build member capability, to influence professional behaviour and enable industry dialogue on Sustainability and responsible mining through Environmental, Social and Governance related matters’. The purpose is to create awareness, understanding, and competence in ESG and Sustainability issues. More information about the ESGS Committee is available on our website. In meeting its objectives, the Committee has presented webinars, a podcast, and a paper.

• Webinar: Launch of the SAIMM ESGS Committee. Mike Solomon, the Chairperson of the ESGS Committee, introduced the ESGS Committee and highlighted the requirement for and purpose of the Committee.
• Webinar: Decarbonizing the Mining Sector by 2040. In this webinar, Mike Solomon provides some insights into decarbonization, and some of the programmes implemented by mining companies to decarbonize the sector by 2040.
• Webinar and Journal paper: Assessing coal mine closures and mining community profiles for the ‘just transition’ in South Africa. Megan Cole, Mzila Mthenjane, and Andrew van Zyl explain the expected coal mine closures and associated community vulnerabilities and local governance challenges in South Africa. These discussions highlight the realities in South Africa and the importance of ensuring an effective transition which maintains energy security while addressing the welfare of the affected communities.
• Webinar: Mine Closure Risks and Opportunities for South Africa. Megan Cole, James Lake, and Nikisi Lesufi describe the new mine closure risk rating system and explore post-closure land use opportunities.
• Podcast on the Crucible: The extra S in ESG. In this podcast, Gordon Smith explains the link between sustainability and ESG, and the importance of including these principles in company strategies and developing creative solutions. He provides some insights into the ESGS Committee and elaborates on our objectives. https://www.saimm.co.za/publications/podcasts

The SAIMM ESGS Committee is planning to host the first ESG conference ESG in the Minerals Industry - Challenges and Opportunities from 16-17 October 2024. The purpose and focus of this conference are to influence professional behaviour, and foster industry dialogue on sustainability and responsible mining through Environmental, Social, Governance, and Sustainability-related matters.
I invite our members to join the ESGS Committee or participate in ESGS events. Becoming involved in SAIMM initiatives enables you to continuously grow and learn and share your ideas. The SAIMM has also opened up membership to ESGS practitioners and experts and we encourage our members to actively recruit ESGS experts into the SAIMM. Together we can create a positive legacy for the mining industry.

W.C. Joughin
President, SAIMM

Reflections on 2023

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Created: Friday, 19 January 2024 11:47

Written by W.C. Joughin

The mining industry in South Africa faced significant challenges in 2023. The robust economic recovery post-COVID that had led to impressive returns for mining companies in 2022 did not continue. In 2023 there was a general decline in revenue and profits across the industry, with the notable exception of gold miners. Volatility in commodity prices emerged as a major disruptive force, impacting the sector as a whole.

Platinum companies, the main contributors to industry revenue, bore the brunt of the challenges, grappling with a substantial reduction in platinum group metal (PGM) basket prices. While the depreciation of the South African rand offered some relief, this advantage was offset by escalating import costs. The industry contended with additional hurdles, including persistent electricity supply challenges (load shedding), logistical constraints, a shortage of essential skills, and the ongoing issue of illegal mining activities. These factors played a significant role in driving down overall returns for the South African mining industry.

Despite these challenges, our mining industry continued to embrace technological advancements and digitalization efforts. This focus on innovation could lead to increased efficiency, reduced operational costs, and enhanced sustainability, positioning the industry for long-term success. The industry also demonstrated an increased commitment to Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) practices, acknowledging the importance of responsible and sustainable mining.

The SAIMM was engaged in a diverse array of events during 2023, showcasing its commitment to knowledge-sharing and professional development. The Institute successfully hosted a total of 14 conferences, 15 webinars, four short courses, two branch events, and two book launches. Furthermore, the SAIMM expanded its communication channels by introducing a podcast platform known as ‘The Crucible’. Over the course of the year, the Institute used this platform to present six podcasts.

The events and activities organized by the SAIMM spanned a broad spectrum of subjects, including the crucial technical aspects of mining and metallurgy and wider themes pertinent to the industry. The topics covered incorporated discussions on ESG, mine closure strategies, and the ongoing process of digitalization. The Institute also highlighted its dedication to promoting diversity and inclusion within the sector. This comprehensive approach demonstrates the SAIMM’s recognition of the multifaceted challenges and opportunities in the field and contributes significantly to the enrichment of industry knowledge and practices.

I would like to personally thank our members who organized and participated in these events. The success of these activities is a testament to their commitment to the needs and demands of the minerals industry. The establishment of these platforms for people to engage and discuss important issues is essential for the future of our industry.

I trust that our members have had the opportunity to enjoy a well-deserved break over the festive season. As we embark on the challenges of 2024, I hope you feel recharged and ready to face the opportunities and endeavours that lie ahead.
Wishing you all a prosperous and fulfilling year ahead.

W.C. Joughin
President, SAIMM

Innovation in the South African mining industry

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Created: Friday, 08 December 2023 11:27

Written by W.C. Joughin

I have always been fascinated by innovation and the ever-evolving landscape of science and technology. The allure of innovation lies not only in the novelty of groundbreaking ideas but also in their transformative potential—how they reshape industries, elevate human experience, and address pressing global issues. Curiosity serves as a driving force, inspiring individuals and communities to push boundaries, challenge conventions, and actively pursue improvement.

The terms ‘innovation’ and ‘invention’ are frequently used interchangeably, often leading to confusion. Invention is a term deeply rooted in creation—the act of conceiving and bringing something entirely new into existence. It represents the initial spark of inspiration that leads to the development of a unique or novel device, method, composition, idea, or process. Inventions are not necessarily useful, or in some cases, their uses have not yet been discovered.

Innovation involves the practical implementation of an invention, or the adaptation of existing products or services to make a meaningful impact on society. Creating value is a defining characteristic of innovation. Incremental innovation is the continual refinement and improvement of products, services or processes based on the requirements of the beneficiaries. This is essential to remain competitive in business.

Disruptive innovation occurs when a new product or service creates a new market and renders existing products or services obsolete. While disruptive innovation may be unwelcome, its early adoption often provides a strategic advantage, allowing pioneering individuals or businesses to capitalize on emerging trends and gain a competitive edge. Those who embrace disruptive technologies in their infancy can often position themselves as industry leaders and reap the benefits of being at the forefront of transformative change.

The South African mining industry is associated with conventional labour-intensive methods, due to the narrow, tabular, shallow-dipping reefs in gold and platinum mines. It has been extremely difficult to adapt modern underground mining equipment for use in this harsh environment with confined spaces. These challenges necessitated a comprehensive industry research programme, which commenced in the 1960s, and is summarized in Brian Protheroe’s book entitled COMRO’s Legacy: Research and Development of Stoping Mining Machinery and Technologies, recently published by the SAIMM. This book describes numerous creative and innovative ideas that were conceived and put into practice. While some imaginative concepts could not be applied at the time, there is potential for their use with the aid of recently developed technologies. Regrettably, much of this research was terminated in the 1990s due to a cessation of industry funding. The global gold supply has since been dominated by international miners with more accessible orebodies. However, in South Africa we continue to operate platinum mines and deep gold mines, necessitating further innovation to stay competitive. Two former presidents of our Institute have proposed strategies for adapting mining machinery and embracing new technologies (Rod Pickering, 2007 and Jim Porter, 2014). More recently, the Mandela Mining Precinct has established a ‘Test Mine’ in Rustenburg, to provide an industry hub for research, development, and innovation. The Test Mine also serves as a platform for technology demonstration and testing.

Cutting-edge technologies like drones and satellite imaging are enhancing geological and geotechnical surveys. Autonomous, GPS-denied drones are being used to accurately survey inaccessible underground cavities, using smart navigation and collision avoidance, providing essential data for production and geotechnical monitoring. Additionally, the adoption of real-time monitoring and sensor technologies has increased safety measures and optimized resource extraction. Furthermore, the integration of data analytics and artificial intelligence has the potential to predict equipment failures or provide early warning of instabilities in tailings storage facilities, slopes, and underground workings. This will enable mining companies to make informed and better decisions.

The South African mining industry has also undergone a paradigm shift towards sustainability, recognizing the importance of environmental stewardship and community engagement. Companies are increasingly investing in eco-friendly technologies, renewable energy sources, and water recycling systems in order to minimize their ecological footprint. In addition, there is a growing emphasis on responsible mining practices, with a focus on biodiversity conservation and land rehabilitation post-extraction. This shift towards sustainability not only aligns with global environmental goals but also enhances the industry’s social license to operate, fostering positive relationships with local communities.

In last month’s President’s Corner I emphasized the significance of diversity and inclusion, stressing that a diverse array of skills, experiences, and knowledge is essential for developing novel and improved ideas. Successful innovation relies on effective collaboration between mining operations, research institutions, government bodies, consultants, and technology providers. The SAIMM organizes forums and conferences as a platform for stakeholders to exchange ideas, showcase success stories, and address shared challenges.

Pickering, R.G.B. 2007. Presidential address: Has the South African narrow reef mining industry learnt how to change? Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, vol. 107, no. 9.
pp. 557−565. https://www.saimm.co.za/Journal/v107n09p557.pdf
Porter, J.L. 2014. Presidential Address: Are efforts to mechanize SA mines too focused on machinery
rather than technology? Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, vol. 114, no. 9.
pp. 681−692. https://www.saimm.co.za/Journal/v114n09p681.pdf
SAIMM Events: https://www.saimm.co.za/saimm-events/upcoming-events.

W.C. Joughin
President, SAIMM